Technical Agile Coaching with the Samman Method
from Emily Bache
Pitch
Agile Coaching helps an organization to be more successful, by increasing agility.
Samman Technical Coaching is a kind of Agile Coaching that specializes in technical questions concerning how code is written. It's an aspect of agility that is often glossed over, and can be crucial for success. This book explains the best method I know of to increase agility amongst software developers. You help them improve coding practices and how they collaborate. It's fun and challenging for the coach too.
The first part of the method is working in an ensemble with development teams, programming in their production codebase. To complement this hands-on mentoring, the second part of the method is short daily "learning hour" sessions to practice particular techniques. In this book you will learn about the Samman coaching method and how to do it in practice. From the details of daily coaching work to marketing your services and how to find a suitable assignment. It is a practical handbook for an aspiring coach and contains fresh ideas for an experienced coach looking for new ways of working.
Infographic
Foreword by Kent Beck
"Software development is best seen as a learning process where running programs are the proof of learning, rather than a factory or production process. That’s the first idea I found in Samman."
"Walking a new path together along with an experienced guide reduces time spent not learning because of fear. That’s the second idea."
Introduction
Samman Technical Coaching
A method for people who want to make a difference and improve the way software is built.
Focus ?
Specifically on technical practices
How people write code
Foundation / prerequisite ?
Cultivate good relationships with the people you work with
The rest is about effective ways to learn from one another and to change behaviours for the long term.
2 main parts to the method :
Learning Hour : the coach uses exercises and active learning techniques to teach the theory and practice of skills like Test-Driven Development and Refactoring
Ensemble Working : In the Ensemble sessions
Whole team collaborates together with the coach in applying agile development techniques in their usual production codebase
Samman and Ensemble ?
‘Samman’ word describes this coaching method
“Samman” is a Swedish word that means “together”
“Ensemble” is a French word meaning “together”
Why use those words ? (no Mob for instance)
to distinguish this method from other ways to do coaching and make it easier to search for on the internet
Why would an organization engage in Samman Technical Coaching ?
To increase business agility and success if a company is building a software product, then the way people write code actually matters quite a lot.
Good technical practices : mean the organization can build new features with a shorter lead
time and higher quality
Meeting deadlines
Deliver reliable software.
This brings happier customers and a successful business.
Skilled developers will want to work for an organization with high quality code, effective development practices and a healthy culture.
The company needs to avoid drowning in technical debt.
If it piles up too much developers will ultimately be unable to deliver any new features in a timely or cost effective manner.
Serious risk for any business.
Elevator pitch for Samman Technical Coaching
In order to be successful in modern development organizations, software developers need new skills. These skills are not easily learnt on a short training course or at a university. Practices like Continuous Integration and Test-Driven Development require developers to change their minute-by-minute habits and ways of working.
As with any new skills, the way to learn is through a combination of teaching and practice. The Samman method includes a series of short lessons called ‘learning hour’. The coach uses active learning techniques that are proven to be more effective than lectures. We work together on code katas and other exercises so developers both understand the new techniques in theory and experience them in carefully chosen examples.
The Samman coaching method is also on-the-job, together with developers in their usual situation. In order to change the way developers work it’s often not enough to only practice on code katas and learn theory. The coach works together with development teams in a structured collaboration called an ‘ensemble’. We learn how to apply relevant techniques in the actual production code the team works with daily.
Day in the life of a Samman Technical Coach
Development techniques
Better unit tests
Developers should deliver a suite of automated unit tests together with the code they write.
Tests
Demonstrate each part of the code works as the authors intended
Documents their assumptions
Provide a safety-net for refactoring and make maintenance less costly
Continuous Integration
Know the incremental design and refactoring techniques
To be able to integrate often : avoid merge conflicts
Safe refactoring in legacy code
Incremental and Iterative Development
Many developers struggle to iterate the design of the code
Don’t know
Refactoring tools
Design patterns
Signs to look for that
Leveling up a whole team together
Software development these days is a team sport and it doesn’t work to only train individuals. Samman coaching aims to create a whole-team culture shift.
With Samman coaching
Build consensus about how the team wants to work
In the learning hours, discover :
What development could be like if we used new ways / different ways of working
Awareness about a different future is possible
The coach helps them gain the skills needed to go there.
Expected outcomes
First step
Awareness of what
Good unit tests look like
What continuous integration actually is
Possible to safely refactor code you don’t initially understand
Next
Aim for the insight that successfully meeting deadlines
Delivering high quality code means learning iterative and incremental development techniques
Timeline ?
After 10-20 coaching days most teams will have reached those insights
These are the first steps on the road to improving the way that team works and the quality of the code they deliver
After that, it’s about
Building skills and anchoring ways of working in habits and culture
Measuring outcomes
1st thing to measure is attitudes
Simple survey should suffice to show that after the coaching developers are more enthusiastic about using these techniques
Teams meeting deadlines more reliably
Reductions in production bugs
Fewer calls from despairing developers who want to re-write the whole system from scratch
Observe increased productivity :
Really difficult to measure the productivity of software developers
Part 1: Ensemble Working
“All the brilliant minds working together on the same thing, at the same time, in the same space, and at the same computer - We call it ‘Mob Programming’“ – Woody Zuill
Ensemble vocabulary
Ensemble instead of Mob
The word “ensemble” implies
Friendly people collaborating
Like a group of musicians
Much better describe what this activity is actually like in practice than the word “mob” (affiliated to gangsters)
“typist” instead of “driver”
Make it clear the person with the keyboard is not in charge of the direction the group takes
Roles in the "Ensemble"
Typist
Person who has the keyboard and mouse
Use the development tools and operate the computer
The important rule here is that you are not allowed to decide what code to write or what tests to perform.
The typist listens carefully to everyone present, and most particularly to the navigator
You enter the code the ensemble has decided on, to the best of your ability
Ask questions to clarify what is wanted and ask for more detail
Navigator
The navigator speaks for the ensemble and explains to the typist what code they should enter into the computer.
Speak in words, out loud, explaining the development activities they have in mind
Give enough detail that the typist knows what to do
Everyone in the group both :
Hears the navigator explain the work
Sees the typist do the work
We are not used to talking about code in this way :
An inexperienced lead might say things like “public int foo parenthesis int bar close parenthesis”
Maybe better : “define a function called foo. It takes one argument, an integer called bar”.
Remind that you are talking to a the typist, not to a computer
Team-members
Everyone who isn’t the typist is a co-navigator in the ensemble. We all develop the software together.
Lead the work
Talking and making the detailed decisions
Always feel free to ask questions so you understand the code that’s being written.
Facilitator
Working as an ensemble is a skill that takes some time for a group to learn
It helps to have a facilitator whose job it is to keep things working smoothly
Usually someone
Different from the typist or navigator
The facilitator will spend time :
Reminding people of the working agreements
Making sure roles rotate regularly
Helping the ensemble to reflect and improve their work together
As the ensemble gains experience the facilitator may need to intervene less often. It may become a part-time position or disappear altogether.
Rotating roles
Most ensembles have some kind of timer that alerts the group when it’s time to rotate roles
Other ensemble roles
As well as typist and navigator, there are other roles that people can take as the need arises.
Common one is “Researcher” :
If the ensemble gets stuck because no-one remembers the exact syntax or library function to use
Someone can offer to research it
Another useful role to have is “Archivist”
Can be helpful to have someone writing stuff down
Decisions the group makes
Alternatives we looked at
Designs
The Coach role
Coach can use this forum to promote better ways of working in the code.
Let the Ensemble give you Superpowers
You can spread
Knowledge
Ways of working to a team
You can increase communication, and promote teamwork
You learn as much from the team as they learn from you, and you can keep your technical skills sharp and and up-to-date as you continue to write code every day.
Everyone understands the code
Skills are multiplied
Visitors are quickly contributors
Pick up loads of team norms and code details within minutes, almost without effort
Joining a smoothly functioning ensemble
After a few hours you are working smoothly in the ensemble
You have influenced the code in many small ways
You have contributed some of what you know and learnt more about the struggles and challenges of this particular team.
Coaching Behaviors in an Ensemble
Teach
As well as prepared learning hours, you will sometimes teach in the ensemble sessions.
An ideal teachable moment might arise when you notice they need a particular technique
You can outline some theory
Go through some concepts
Then mentor them through using the technique straight afterwards
Mentor
Where you help the team to :
Apply specific techniques in their codebase
Build their capabilities
Facilitate
A facilitator conducts a process without having an opinion about the content.
In certain situations
Facilitation can be the best way to help the team to move forwards
Coach
Work from the assumption that they have the answers within themselves
Your job is to help them to fulfill their promise
Key tool :
‘coaching question’ : evokes action without telling them what you think the action should be.
Observe
You may not need to intervene
If the ensemble is working well, your best strategy could be to stay in the background
Observe the interactions and the code that is being produced
Take Short Breaks
Not need to be present all the time
Retrospect
Around 15-25 minutes at the end
Preferably just after we made a commit
Spend some time reflecting on what happened
So they can realize consciously what they have learnt
Breathing space between and during sessions
In the middle of a 2 hour session
Whole group take a 5 minute break
Kindness, Consideration and Respect
Adopt this golden rule : We treat everyone with kindness, consideration and respect
Woody’s Legacy Code rule Honor :
"Honor the coder and their code. The constraints they endured are not mine to know."
Assume they did the best they could with
The knowledge they had
The circumstances they were in at the time
Yes, and
Do not delete or undo what the previous navigators did before you
Refactor but do not rewrite
Say ‘Yes, and’ to whatever your colleagues give you.
Too much thinking at the keyboard
Design should be spoken by the navigator before it is coded by the typist
I think <name> has a good idea we should listen to
Listen to Everyone
Sometimes you get good ideas being spoken but no-one pays attention
Consideration means paying attention
Increase the rotation speed
So they end up leading the navigating more often
Call out bad behavior that can’t wait until the retrospective
A useful phrase is “we don’t do that here”
Retrospectives
Each ensemble session should be an improvement on the previous one
You want to see
Increasing collaboration
New skills being used
People feeling happier
Prefer to bring up positive things that have happened that I liked and want to encourage
Turn up the good
In circle and each person says one thing that happened in the session that was good
Encourage one another to behave like this again
Part 2 : Learning Hours
Short training sessions where :
People practice coding skills
Learn new techniques
When working with a team ensemble you’re primarily a mentor and facilitator. In the learning hour you’re more often acting as teacher and coach.
Why ?
For an organization to succeed in the modern world
It needs to be a learning organization
Why should you spend a whole hour every day on learning?
Become more productive and happier
Everyone benefits!
Small increases in productivity
Quickly add up to more than compensate the time you spent on the learning sessions.
With the right tools
Refactor easily and safely
As a software developer, learning is part of your job
Always
New tools and frameworks appearing that you should know about
Better designs and ways of working being invented
To remain competitive in a fast-moving world, where you are being paid for knowledge-intensive, skilled work
You must keep learning to stay relevant and useful
Who should come to the Learning Hour?
In the first place, invite the teams who you are coaching
Can have joint sessions depending on teams interests
The Theory and Practice of Teaching and Learning
Learning Outcomes and Objectives
What really matters about your training
Is actually what happens afterwards
When people return to their desk
Will they be able to apply what they’ve learnt in a useful way?
Start with the end in mind.
What is the outcome you’re hoping to achieve?
Bloom’s taxonomy
Can describe thinking skills in terms of six broad categories:
Remembering
Understanding
Applying
Analyzing
Evaluating
Creating
There is an implied hierarchy and order of categories.
For example ‘Remembering’ is easier to achieve in a student’s journey than ‘Analyzing’ or ‘Creating’
‘4C’ learning model
Check Sharon Bowman’s ‘4C’ learning model and her book ‘Training from the Back of the Room’.
People are active participants
With their own goals and motivations to learn things
When you plan a learning hour, you include activities for each of
the 4C’s:
Connect: Get people in the right head-space for learning about the topic together.
Concept: Introduce the new skills or ideas or information you want the participants to learn.
Concrete: Hands-on exercises to practice skills or figure out how things work.
Conclusions: An opportunity for people to consolidate and internalize what they’ve learnt.
Design learning experiences that fit with how the brain works
When teaching, it helps to understand how the human brain works
Cognitive neuroscience is the study of how the brain
Takes in
Stores
Retrieves and Uses information
Some neuroscience learnings :
What you pay attention to is strongly affected by subconscious processes. (ie out of your conscious control)
What you learn is filtered through emotions
Stronger emotions are more likely to cause longterm memories to form.
Content that evokes no emotion is less likely to be remembered.
Physical movement improves brain performance - the brain is part of the body, so increased oxygen in the blood helps it function better.
Six ‘trumps’ to help remember useful rules about how the brain works
Movement trumps Sitting
Learn more when you’re feeling awake
Incorporate movement into the content of the training so that it doesn’t take much time
Talking trumps Listening
When you talk about what you just heard it reinforces your memory of it.
Talking also gives opportunities for feedback
From others about how well you seem to understand the topic
Images trump Words
Images easily capture attention
Telling stories that bring pictures into your mind has a similar effect
Tell stories about a time you used a particular refactoring or design pattern
Better than only explaining the theory
Writing trumps Reading
When you are writing you can’t think about anything else, it forces you to concentrate
Makes the information multi-sensory
Provide handouts, notes and quizzes that people can annotate
Ask people to write conclusions and observations on sticky notes
Shorter trumps Longer
Divide your presentations into 10-20 minute chunks
In between spend at least 1-2 minutes on some other activity
Different trumps Same
Anything new or unexpected will catch people’s attention
Emotions generally and surprise in particular
Help learning to stick
Vary the format of your learning hours so that they are not too predictable
Games
Simulations
Exercises
Sample Learning Hours
A lot of great sessions are described in the book with plenty of great ideas :
Incremental working, Driven by Tests
Selecting and ordering test cases
Make a test list
To try with the Option "game"
Arrange - Act - Assert
Inspirational Demo
...
Each coach has their own perspective and background. Use what you know and put together your own learning hours. Look through your bookshelf and technical video collection.
Part 3: Samman Coaching Engagements
Finding an Organization and Teams to Engage with
The department striving for Technical Excellence
The company struggling with defects
Root cause of defects is often
Technical debt
Code hard to understand and change
In the company example :
Were spending about 50% of their developer effort on investigating and fixing defects
Only perhaps 20% on new feature development
The twenty-year-old codebase
Too stressed out and busy
You have to be able to slow down before you can speed up.
Sales and Marketing principle
Your network is crucial
People hire people they know
Listen first to discover what their specific problems are
Adapt your pitch for the audience and their specific problems
They have to be willing to invest their time
which can’t happen if they are too stressed out
Your best marketing department should be your previous customers
Sales Pitch
Beginning Coaching with a New Organization
Present yourself
Tell stories and anecdotes of successful agile teams applying technical practices
Explain what ensemble working is and why it is such a useful forum for a coach.
Kick-off Workshop with each team
With your sponsor, identify which teams would be good to approach about coaching
Probably want to talk to :
Line manager
Product Owner
Scrum Master
The team members themselves
Kick- of agenda :
Team introduction round (10 minutes)
Architecture overview (15 minutes)
Asked people to sketch the architecture on a piece of paper or a whiteboard.
Issues in the codebase (45 minutes)
Ask them to show a :
Typical unit test (if there are any)
Typical automated system or functional test (if there are any)
Any class or function that you feel is well designed and would like to see more like that
A class or function that doesn’t have any unit tests, which you would like to have tests for
Any class or function that is notorious for having bugs in.
Any code that you’ve been working with recently that represents your current design thinking.
Structured discussion (30-40 minutes)
Takeaways (5 minutes)
Takeaways
Have gathered:
Everyone’s names in a format you can use to learn them
A sketch of the architecture information about the build, test and deployment process
Some insights into the code notes about the main problems facing the team from their POV
Tip: organize your notes by team.
Preparing for a Technical Coaching Career
Core skills :
Test-Driven Development and Refactoring
Software Design with loose coupling and high cohesion
Continuous Integration (commit and sync many times a day)
Pair programming, including strong-style pairing and pairing with a more junior developer
Designing test cases both at unit level and larger
Standing in front of a group and presenting about a topic you care about
Chairing a meeting and facilitating a retrospective
Standing at a whiteboard sketching and explaining a design to your team while they ask questions
Live code a prepared demo of a coding technique to a group of your peers
Ideas to improve :
Start a regular Coding Dojo with your team
Attend a Code Retreat
Study books and videos on agile development practices
Go to agile conferences
Attend formal training for a Scrum Master or Agile Coach role
Join a meetup and organize meetings
Give presentations at an internal Community of Practice or meetup
Resources for Samman coaching
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